Data Formats

Web API Request/Response Data Formats

Here, you will learn how Web API handles different formats of request and response data.

Media Type

Media type (aka MIME type) specifies the format of the data as type/subtype e.g. text/html, text/xml, application/json, image/jpeg etc.

In HTTP request, MIME type is specified in the request header using Accept and Content-Type attribute. The Accept header attribute specifies the format of response data which the client expects and the Content-Type header attribute specifies the format of the data in the request body so that receiver can parse it into appropriate format.

For example, if a client wants response data in JSON format then it will send following GET HTTP request with Accept header to the Web API.

HTTP GET Request:

GET http://localhost:60464/api/student HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Fiddler
Host: localhost:1234
Accept: application/json

The same way, if a client includes JSON data in the request body to send it to the receiver then it will send following POST HTTP request with Content-Type header with JSON data in the body.

HTTP POST Request:

POST http://localhost:60464/api/student?age=15 HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Fiddler
Host: localhost:60464
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 13

{
  id:1,
  name:'Steve'
}

Web API converts request data into CLR object and also serialize CLR object into response data based on Accept and Content-Type headers. Web API includes built-in support for JSON, XML, BSON, and form-urlencoded data. It means it automatically converts request/response data into these formats OOB (out-of the box).

Example: Post Action Method

public class Student
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

public class StudentController : ApiController
{
    public Student Post(Student student)
    {
        // save student into db
        var insertedStudent = SaveStudent(student);

        return insertedStudent;
    }
}

As you can see above, the Post() action method accepts Student type parameter, saves that student into DB and returns inserted student with generated id. The above Web API handles HTTP POST request with JSON or XML data and parses it to a Student object based on Content-Type header value and the same way it converts insertedStudent object into JSON or XML based on Accept header value.

The following figure illustrates HTTP POST request in fiddler.

Request-Response Data Format

In the above figure, Accept header specifies that it expects response data in XML format and Content-Type specifies that the student data into request body is in the JSON format. The following is the response upon execution of the above request.

Request-Response Data Format

The same way, you can specify different request & response format using accept and content-type headers and Web API will handle them without any additional changes.

The following HTTP POST request sends data in XML format and receives data in JSON format.

Web API Request

The above HTTP POST request will get the following response upon execution.

Web API Response

Thus, Web API handles JSON and XML data by default. Learn how Web API formats request/response data using formatters in the next section.